The women have accomplished agriculturists, growing and processing a variety of food crops, including millet, simsim, groundnuts, peas, sorghum and vegetables. Localized lineages have been the fundamental social units in Acholi, with chiefdoms providing a layer of organization above the lineages from the late seventeenth to the early twentieth centuries. One obvious candidate, Bazilio Olara-Okello who, although unrelated to Tito Okello, was, as in the case of Oyite Ojok, another officer who participated in the overthrow of Idi Amin. The cookie is used by cdn services like CloudFare to identify individual clients behind a shared IP address and apply security settings on a per-client basis. From the Holy Spirit Movement, the notorious Lords Resistance Army (LRA), led by Acholi Joseph Kony, emerged. It is Uganda, leading raids all over the region. the late seventeenth to the early twentieth centuries. Over the twentieth century, chiefdoms in Acholi have become vestigial institutions, and the fences that once enclosed villages have disappeared. Bor Lango authority of a district commissioner. Contemporary versions or amalgams of these practitioners continue to function in Acholi. Given the anti-Museveni sentiment of most Acholis, the LRA's inability to mobilize support - or to at least avoid repudiation by its own ethnic base - is remarkable. Under Ugandan Pres.
Death of Oulanyah exposes Acholi as proud and loud without leadership London: James Currey. As they have for centuries, Acholi farmers rely mainly on iron hoes and other hand tools. Other uncategorised cookies are those that are being analysed and have not been classified into a category as yet. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). in the Western Nilotic branch of Nilo-Saharan. areas of the Buganda Kingdom and their main trading routes extended eastwards towards Kenya, development of chiefdoms seems to have been the ability of rwodi to help Makerere University (Kampala), Department of Geography. Okot p'Bitek's epic poem, Song of Lawino, debates Acholi customs around the time that Uganda became independent. Girling (1960) notes that as late as 1950 there was still no system of individual land tenure in Acholi; however, such tenure has become increasingly common since independence. expression of difference, but one of a common political ideology and identity (Whitmire, 2013, Even bride-wealth marriages are now often mainly nuclear-family affairs, and other alternatives to traditional marriage are common. second Milton Obote regimes, however, as well as of the various rebel The building of houses and granaries has historically involved both men and women, with each performing specified functions. Location. "Acholi "The Concept of Jok among the Acholi and Lango." While rwodi, An individual had personal claim to land that he and his wife (or wives) had under cultivation or that had been cultivated but was lying fallow, and such rights passed from father to son. (1955). Vincent (2012), a Gulu-based
Forging Forgiveness: Collective Efforts Amidst War in Northern Uganda But a chief's territory seldom corresponded to any pre-colonial entity, while his wide-ranging executive and judicial powers were a complete novelty. heard of gun sound, they were used to only lightning thunder sound. Apart from land, the rights to which were passed on equally to all sons, the eldest son was traditionally the designated heir of the father's property, although he was supposed to provide for the needs of his younger brothers. They keep sheep and cattle but are not as committed to pastoralism as some other Nilotic peoples are. Social Control. of as dialects of Acholi. Peace negotiations to end the long-running rebellion by the Lords Resistance Army continued, while security in the north improved through 2007. Much of that hierarchy continued into the independence era. Then a final dance and feast takes place at a time chosen to make possible the maximum attendance by relatives and other interested people. As a result, many widowed Acholi have been unable to access their land on return to their homes. Many of the Acholi soldiers who joined the Kings African Rifles (KAR), the British colonial army, were deployed to the frontlines in southeast Asia especially in Singapore and Burma during the World War II where they held British positions against an intense Japanese offensive. In the pre-colonial era, all the Acholi believed in the same superior being, YA Latwer. With colonial rule
Acholi | people | Britannica The results showed that students had, On the one hand, languages are translatable, which can be demonstrated from different perspectives such as the general characteristics of language, the parallel linguistic, The purpose of this study was to examine the language attitudes and language practices of Arabic-speaking families living in the United States. Administrative divisions within Acholi, however, both during colonial rule and since independence, have often reflected preexisting sociopolitical units: lineages at the parish level; chiefdoms at the subcounty level; and larger zones of the most intensive (and peaceful) interpolity interactions at the county level. While Acholi also lives north of the South Sudaneseborder, the Sudanese Acholi are often excluded from the political meaning of the term "Acholiland". Precolonial trade, both within Acholi and throughout the region, focused mainly on obtaining iron ore and finished iron products in exchange for baskets or products of the farm, herd, or hunt. LRA, after losing support from the local population, also turned on the people of northern InThe Roots of Ethnicity, Ronald R. Atkinson argues that although colonial rule and its aftermath have played a major role in shaping the particular manifestati. The civil war devastated the lives and livelihoods of the Acholi people of the north. fight the Arab slave traders and his colonial administration was viewed as not very invasive A typical household consists of a nuclear family (husband, wife, and unmarried children), although aged parents, unmarried siblings, offspring of deceased siblings, or others are often household members as well. At first fighting against the insurgence of the army of the central government, the L. No. Following the latest redrawing of the administrative divisions, it contains seven districts; Agago, Amuru, Gulu, Kitgum, Nwoya, Lamwo and Pader. a civil resistance movement started forming in the region. Certain rwodi and interpreters began to accumulate some of the new wealth brought into Acholi by international trade, and descendants of some of these men used their inherited wealth to build up prominent twentieth-century families. Most prominent among them was the Uganda People's Army (UPA) in Teso and Lango sub region, the West Nile Bank Frontiers (WNBF) in the West Nile region, the Uganda People's Democratic Army, the Holy Spirit Movement and the LRA in the Acholi region. "Swazi" refers to the nation, tr, Fipa Customs may reinforce social justifications for inequitable land rights for men and women. Acholi live in Northern Uganda, in the districts Kitgum, Pader and Gulu. Instead, the Acholi were integrated in the point to the most recent violent conflict was the overthrow of the Okello-led government by the Uganda Now: Between Decay and Development. Acholi men say, Property cant own property, and the notion of women having independent land rights is an anomaly to them. Many contemporary Acholi continue to use these treatments, although nearly all with access to clinics and hospitals rely on these as well, whenever they can. The Acholi sub-region is a part of the administrative region of Northern-Uganda. This cookie is set by Stripe payment gateway. However, this number is most likely considerably Since Ugandan forces pushed the LRA out of Northern Uganda, the majority were able to return to their homes, though without much in the way of government support. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Political Organization.
In search of chiefly authority in 'post-aid' Acholiland development of the chiefdom and clan system in the 17th and 18th century that is still a vital When the camps were disbanded and people began to return to their land, customary rules for land tenure did not necessarily have the answers to some of the problems faced by Acholi people: men had lost their fathers from whom they would be granted land; children did not know where their clan land was; women were married to men without following the customary rules for marriage because of a lack of resources; and women were widowed and left with few options for survival. into the 1990s, Acholi was the scene of similar levels of conflict. [25], Some of the groups in Acholi, like the UPDA, detested the Museveni regime because it had overthrown the government in which they served. The government of Uganda has responded to the conflict by adopting both military and general amnesty strategies.
Acholi people - Wikipedia et al., 1972; Heine & Knig, 2010) and Chopi (Storch, 2005) as individual languages, instead Traditional beliefs, however, still persist, often meshed with Christian doctrine in complex ways. Even though this contact was described as a grossly negative experience for the Acholi, this Nevertheless, many remain in a state of displacement. Spirits of both of these types were generally beneficent. The conflict", UGANDA: 1,000 displaced die every week in war-torn north - report | Uganda | Refugees/IDPs, UGANDA/DRC: OPERATION RUDIA II UPDATE 2009-06-29, "The Anguish of Northern Uganda - Section 1 - Uganda", Sample of written Acholi from the Language Encyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acholi_people&oldid=1142669727, All articles with bare URLs for citations, Articles with bare URLs for citations from March 2022, Short description is different from Wikidata, "Related ethnic groups" needing confirmation, Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. Since the Lords Resistance Army was largely pushed out of Northern Uganda, the majority of Acholi more than 80 per cent have been able to return to their homes.
From the Village to Entebbe: The Acholi of Northern Uganda and the Organizational politics are informal, unofficial, and sometimes behind-the-scenes efforts to sell ideas, influence an organization, increase power, or achieve other targeted objectives (Brandon & Seldman, 2004; Hochwarter, Witt, & Kacmar, 2000). Retrieved February 23, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/acholi. All lineage males, for example, are called "grandfather," "father," "brother," or "son," and all (likely resident) females "sister" or "daughter," depending upon their generational relationship to the speaker. Administrative divisions within Acholi, however, both during colonial Therefore, its best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publications requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. Pottery and basket making were widespread and relatively nonspecialized arts, carried out by both men and women. While Bantu speaking groups had begun to occupy more. (p. 34). In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. Some Acholi mothers exclaim that they do not know their sons after they have been away in the army. colonial rule in their region for decades, before finally being integrated in the Ugandan territory Shilluk Acholi Even though the recent history of conflict can in some ways be tracked all the way back to the Due to a changing economy, after the 1950s, fewer Acholi was recruited to the armed forces but continued to be associated with them in popular mythology and stereotypes. It was not until 1995 that a constitutional reform recognized such cultural leaders, but they have not been fully restored to previous powers, as so much of society has changed. second term, Acholi soldiers played key roles in the massive conflict in Crazzolara, J. P. (1950-1954). "Some Notes on Acholi Religious Ceremonies." in Acholi since the mid-1980s) have led to a breakdown of any meaningful [29], Media related to Acholi people at Wikimedia Commons. London: James Currey. He has noted that the emphasis on the distinction among ethnic groups has even been part of the internal government dialogue."
ACHOLI PEOPLE: THE FAMOUS EAST AFRICAN SPIRITUALLY AND - Blogger Since independence, formal schooling has provided a strong socializing influence from outside the home for more and more Acholi, especially those attending secondary school. The Acholi region and language 51. 53-
From the Village to Entebbe: The Acholi of Northern Uganda and - CORE century, social stratification appears limited, owing primarily to both The Tonga occupy much of Southern Province in Zambia (formerly No, ETHNONYMS: Batswana, Bechuana (colonial appellation) Abstract The aim of this thesis will be to decipher why Acholi ethnic identity remained such a critical political tool in late and post-colonial Uganda, from 1950-1985, just before the outbreak of civil war in 1986. Approximately 2.1 million Acholi were counted in the Uganda census of 2014, and 45,000 more were living in South Sudan in 2000.[4]. He was defeated in January 1986. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". Identification. 1679-1914." In 2009, Acholi was one of the six Ugandan languages identified as having more than one
PDF CORE - Aggregating the world's open access research papers At its peak in 2005 over Rwot, 'ruler'). [CDATA[ Ruhakana Rugunda, the Ugandan minister of internal affairs and leader of the government negotiating team, noted the effectiveness of the traditional system. "[9], Milton Obote, the first leader after independence, relied on Acholi Luo people and Langi Nilo Hamites or Ateker peoples in government. many of them children, the conflict led to the displacement of millions. Customary leadership of the Acholi was severely affected by the long conflict in Northern Uganda, when many Acholi people lived in IDP camps for as long as 20 years. Behrend, Heike (1991). Since independence, a relatively few Acholi army officers have managed to accumulate substantial fortunes, as have a few traders. Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. of mutual intelligibility amongst each other, they were at times interpreted as a dialectal cluster of the West Nile, to the north by the South Sudan, to the east by the Karamojong region, to the, 23 Each Ugandan district has a language board responsible for implementing policies on indigenous language. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. //, ETHNONYMS: Acoli, Acooli; historically: Gani, Lango, Lo-Gang, Shuuli. He had established the Equatorial Province in 1870 Their traditional communities were organised hamlets of circular huts with high peaked roofs, furnished with a mud sleeping-platform, jars of grain and a sunken fireplace. Milton Obote (1962-71, 1980-85). The activities of the LRA have been devastating within Acholiland (though they spread also to neighbouring districts and countries). Kuturia Housein fired the first gun shot on Acholiland who had never seen and Okot p'Bitek (1963). In precolonial Acholi, lineage heads and elders were most responsible for social control, though one of the attractions that assisted the development of chiefdoms seems to have been the ability of rwodi to help settle disputes that involved more than one lineage. Common synonyms for this type of organization are "interest groups," "pressure groups," and . Corrections? This cookies is set by Youtube and is used to track the views of embedded videos. The word 'Acholi' is a misnomer that became adopted for convenience over the years. PUBLISHED: 27/01/2023. members of royal lineages, and lineage heads all seem to have been However, the date of retrieval is often important. The largest political unit was the tribal section, regarded as the geographical nation. Corn (maize), sorghum, beans, squash, peanuts (groundnuts), and other savanna crops also are grown. Despite the years of leadership by men from the North, that region continued to be marginalized economically after independence, and has suffered higher rates of poverty than other areas of the country. This included both agricultural and hunting land. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. Numbering between 400 and 500 by the turn of the twentieth century, these exogamous groups claim descent from a common ancestor (although means exist to incorporate many types of "outsiders" as well) and have special lineage shrines, ritual ceremonies, praise-calls, and totems. Organizational politics is a natural part of organizational life. Religious Beliefs. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The insurgency's military. . Verona: Editrice Nigrizia. A Study of the Acooli Language: Grammar and Vocabulary. Okeny, Kenneth (1982). Ethnic group of South Sudan and Northern Uganda, Atkinson, Ronald R. "The Evolution of Ethnicity among the Acholi of Uganda: The Precolonial Phase.". Men have also traditionally played a significant role in agriculture, especially for such time-limited, labor-intensive tasks as clearing, planting, and harvesting (often as part of lineage-based cooperative labor teams). Notable among the Acholi soldiers who made the ranks were Gen. Tito Okello-Lutwa, Brig. "At Home in the Village: Growing Up in Acholi." Social Organization. Orientation Acholi have played a pivotal role in the turbulent post-independence era. that included areas now belonging to South Sudan and the northern regions of Uganda. Similarly, General Okello Lutwa who toppled the Obote II regime, was an Acholi. Individual antecedents of political behavior include political . Western Nilotic Eastern Nilotic Southern Nilotic, Burun Lwoo Nuer-Dinka Teso-Turkana Bari Maa-Lotuko, North South The third group of spirits were those of unknown persons and dangerous beasts; these were hostile, personified as ghosts, believed to cause sickness and other misfortunes, and dealt with by means of spirit possession. "[15] Although they were believed to have supernatural powers, the chiefs ruled through a Council of Clan Elders, so they never ruled singlehandedly. A single rainy season, from April-May to October-November, produces a reliable annual rainfall nine years of every ten, ranging from 102 centimeters in the central and western portions of Acholi to only 51 centimeters in much of the north and east. They have also "played a vital role in Acholi traditional reconciliation processes and in preparing the community to receive former combatants. Ocheng, D. O. morphed into Chuuli, before finally becoming Acholi as it was applicated with the pronoun Political Organization. The first leader was Kuturia as mentioned Okot p'Bitek (1971). Figure 5. When not disrupted or dispossessed by the violence endemic since the mid-1980s, most Acholi remain primarily mixed farmers. University of Bradford eThesis This thesis is hosted in Bradford Scholars - The University of Bradford Open Access repository. The full integration of the Acholi into the British colonial complex happened comparatively late. The old staples of eleusine (finger) millet, sorghum, sesame, and various peas, beans, and leafy green vegetables continue to be grown, along with twentieth-century crops such as cassava, maize, peanuts (groundnuts), fruits, and cotton. Kitgum, Nwoya, Lamwo and Pader. the northern parts remained ignored for a long time. became more frequent, more deadly, and more widely spread. Socialization. ETHNONYMS: Mende (Men-day), Mendes, Huro, Wuro their inherited wealth to build up prominent twentieth-century families. Required electronic filing by tax-exempt political organizations. Although polygyny has often been presented as an ideal, limited means have always made it rare in practice. The movement hopes to strengthen the political and economic power of women in society and so push back destruction of the natural environment. Social Control. Divorce, which can occur for numerous reasons, is not uncommon and may or may not involve return of the bride-wealth; children, as members of the father's lineage, usually either stay with the father or return to him later.
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