american airlines flight 191american airlines flight 191

Once the FAA was satisfied that maintenance issues were primarily at fault and not the actual design of the aircraft, the type certificate was restored on July13, and the special air regulation was repealed. The aircraft was powered by three General Electric CF6-6D engines, one on each wing and one on the vertical stabilizer. This has been going on for a long time, and for the thousands of flights that take off a day, thats pretty phenomenal, he said. And why had pilots lost control of a plane that, though badly damaged, was designed to fly even if an engine failed? Like all airliners, the DC-10s engines generate electricity to supply the aircrafts electrical system. As firefighters hurried to the scene of the crash, they already feared that no one could possibly have survived the horrific impact. Creating one took a group of Chicago sixth graders, who led the push to build the memorial in Des Plaines after learning their assistant principal, Kim Jockl, lost her parents in the crash. At 15:02 that afternoon, the OHare tower controller cleared flight 191 for takeoff on runway 32 Right. ]xzf`ZdmPY&sKM 13g>iJ+)lQol|TZ&aPF'wg[,8lV#c\tl[w3FL#r8.|msR 2b#zZjR2\}+VL}v%<8 Z,ec;3zO.1Bz21*IF1?ag tup}pcoLx.6SsJCH.z-gRw.t1Mui.nVlr>a;]+wlT-kj7[Q^CUorD.$GtY64i9puq>Y?][jT{K~hGyFw{Ud/]4Gid70wA6p=O d : cJ/0:5=$h8nQ8KFT&+ FiV.h}d]ff:#wz3j]k'- llIPs .;Ky%LJr#5. Director James Hyslop Writers Andre Barro Bernard Vaillot Armen Kazazian Stars Jonathan Aris (voice) Howard Hoover William MacDonald The DC-10 climbed in a level attitude for 15 or 20 seconds, then it started to bank to the left. May 24, 2015 at 5:00 am. It was just a stark reminder those things are very important.. American 191, underway, Captain Lux replied. All the traps had already been set, the fate of the plane and its occupants already sealed. On May 25, 1979, American Airlines Flight 191 crashed into an open field shortly after take-off from Chicago O'Hare, killing all 271 aboard and 2 on the ground. United Airlines also said it continually works to improve safety. American Airlines Flight 191, a DC-10 was a flight between Chicago and Los Angeles on May 25, 1979 with 271 people on board. Bodies were burned beyond recognition. "[1]:54. Therefore, investigators could now conclude that the observed damage to the rear pylon mount had been present before the crash occurred rather than being caused by it. Join the discussion of this article on Reddit! The plane lifts off about 6,000 feet down the runway, reaching an altitude of about 300 feet above the ground with its wings still level. hXn6>uxulw\JkKwfDlw{yDDR8B2))!P>`Ja* The only way to have restored power to these failed systems would have been for Flight Engineer Udovich to manually reconnect the number one A.C. generator bus by flipping the emergency power switch. At this time the 9,000-pound engine and pylon (the piece connecting the engine to the left wing) separate from the aircraft, flipping over the top of the wing and falling to the runway. The labor costs which could be recouped by using the shortcut were simply too good to pass up. The NTSB has also pushed for stricter FAA oversight and urged the industry to be quicker to accept safety-enhancing regulations. In addition to the prohibition of the dangerous pylon removal technique, numerous other changes were made in the wake of the crash. Because the slats only retracted on the captains side, the first officers hypothetical stall warning computer would not have known that any of the slats were retracted, and consequently his stick shaker wouldnt have activated until the plane reached the slats-extended stall speed. He blew an engine!. Despite this, American Airlines was not required at that time to seek FAA approval of its maintenance procedures. According to the NTSB, hydraulic lines that powered other critical systems were severed when the engine and pylon broke away, leaving the aircraft unusually vulnerable to a stall and disabling warning systems. When the pylon collides with the wing in this manner, the brunt of the collision is absorbed by the pylons aft bulkhead. Over the years, airlines, manufacturers and regulators have worked to improve the way they gather, share and analyze data to try to spot red flags before they lead to accidents, Shahidi said. After losing an engine on the runway, the DC-10 banked sharply after takeoff. However, American, as well as Continental Airlines and United Airlines, had developed a different procedure that saved about 200 working hours per aircraft and "more importantly from a safety standpoint, it would reduce the number of disconnects (of systems such as hydraulic and fuel lines, electrical cables, and wiring) from 79 to 27. A review of the aircraft's flight logs and maintenance records showed that no mechanical discrepancies were noted for May 11, 1979. It was a mild spring day, 63 degrees with clear skies. Although the aircraft itself was later exonerated, the damage in the public's eye was already done. The photographs were reduced to black-and-white, which made distinguishing the slats from the wing itself possible, thus proving that they were retracted. Stick shakers for both pilots became mandatory in response to this accident. Just 4,600 feet past the runway's edge, Flight. On May 25, 1979, American Airlines Flight 191 suffered catastrophic damage when the left engine tore away from the aircraft during takeoff and careened onto the tarmac below, bringing part of the wing and dozens of hydraulic and electrical lines with it. [51], Flight 191 after takeoff, missing its left engine and leaking fuel and hydraulic fluid, These audio files were created from a revision of this article dated 5March2020, List of disasters in the United States by death toll, List of aircraft accidents and incidents by number of ground fatalities, Aircraft Accident Report: American Airlines, Inc. DC-10-10, N110AA, Chicago O'Hare International Airport, Chicago, Illinois, May 25, 1979, "270 killed in Chicago crash, worst in U.S. history", "Airline gets blame for worst U.S. crash", "DC-10 crash blamed on airline maintenance procedures", "The wife of an airline mechanic who committed suicide", "Aftermath of DC-10 crash still impacts industry", "FAA ground DC-10s in unprecedented step", "ASN Aircraft accident McDonnell Douglas DC-10-10 N110AA", "Searching for 40-year old lessons for Boeing in the grounding of the DC-10", "ASN Aircraft accident McDonnell Douglas DC-10-10 N903WA Mexico City-Juarez International Airport (MEX)", "All 257 aboard killed in Antarctic jet crash", "Aircraft Accident: DC. To be sure, U.S. air travel hasnt been without incident: There have been fatal accidents involving smaller aircraft or foreign carriers in recent years. [1]:2930 Regardless of how it happened, the resulting damage, although insufficient to cause an immediate failure, eventually developed into fatigue cracking, worsening with each takeoff and landing cycle during the eight weeks that followed. At the American Airlines maintenance base in Tulsa, Oklahoma, engineers set about bringing the plane into compliance with the manufacturers service bulletins, including those related to the pylon bearings. As the plane plunged downward, it kept rotating past the point of perpendicular, 112 degrees now toward a sickening almost belly-up position. [15][1]:54 The NTSB thus examined the effects that the engine's separation would have on the aircraft's flight control, hydraulic, electrical, and instrumentation systems. The wreckage was too badly damaged to give investigators much useful information, except for the engine that broke away from the wing. For others, it was the last straw for the troubled DC-10, even though American Airlines was primarily responsible for the crash. Following the crash of Flight 191 at OHare and a string of deadly crashes that followed, air travel has gotten safer, even as many more people took to the skies. During this interval, even though the forklift remained stationary, the forks supporting the entire weight of the engine and pylon moved downward slightly due to a normal loss of hydraulic pressure associated with the forklift engine being turned off; this caused a misalignment between the engine/pylon and wing. In the meantime, more information about the article and the author can be found by clicking on the authors name. The aircraft continued a fairly normal climb until it started a turn to the left. The panel's report, published in June 1980, found "critical deficiencies in the way the government certifies the safety of American-built airliners", focusing on a shortage of FAA expertise during the certification process and a corresponding overreliance on McDonnell Douglas to ensure that the design was safe. [5][6][7], The aircraft involved in the accident was a McDonnell Douglas DC-10-10 registered as N110AA. [46], 30 victims whose remains were never identified are buried at Green Hills Memorial Park in Rancho Palos Verdes, California. Minutes later, it crashed. Book low fares to destinations around the world and find the latest deals on airline tickets, hotels, car rentals and vacations at aa.com. American no longer operates a Flight 191, and for more than three decades after the crash, there was no Chicago-area site honoring the victims. Secondly, many other airplanes had mechanical locks to prevent the slats from retracting in the event of a hydraulic failure, but the DC-10 did not. Almost 300 people are killed on May 25, 1979 when an American Airlines flight crashes and explodes after losing one engine just after takeoff. Flight Attendants at American Airlines File For Mediation in Stalled Contract Talks After 'Substantive Disagreements' Emerge. The changes didnt happen overnight. Some passengers didnt pay much heed to the planes reputation, but others did: one man, originally booked on flight 191, asked his trip organizer to put him on a different flight after he found out that he would be flying on a DC-10. [1]:52, The aircraft climbed to about 325 feet (100m) above ground level while spewing a white mist trail of fuel and hydraulic fluid from the left wing. This meant that the pylon attachment fitting had struck the mounting bracket at some point. Because Continental Airlines did not report the incidents to the FAA, nor was there any means of disseminating the findings to the industry at large, American Airlines never found out about Continentals experience. All 271 aboard the DC-10 and two people on . Brenda Marie Aquino-Washington, 22, of El Paso, Texas, was arrested It is demolished upon impact then explodes. But it was impossible to miss the black smoke clouding the sky over the airport. Dan Cirignani, a police officer patrolling the airport roads on foot that afternoon, didnt see the plane go down. Z^%#c_$Nc= A|f|6+s5F\1W;/F(*v(U1\J The most immediate consequence of the engine separation, apart from the loss of thrust, was the uncommanded retraction of the outboard left wing slats. [1]:76, Captain Walter Lux (age 53) had been flying the DC-10 since its introduction eight years earlier. [1]:18, The NTSB determined that the damage to the left-wing engine pylon had occurred during an earlier engine change at the American Airlines aircraft maintenance facility in Tulsa, Oklahoma, between March 29 and 30, 1979. In addition, an Illinois law now encourages that dentures be marked with information identifying the wearer. As far as they knew, all the slats were still extended. Additionally, good design principles hold that warnings should have backup sources of power and data so that they dont fall silent at the moment of greatest need. Despite the criticism levied at McDonnell Douglas, the party most clearly responsible for the crash was American Airlines. The problem at the time was that airlines were conducting all kinds of repairs and inventing their own maintenance procedures without a standardized system to determine how those repairs and procedures might alter the assumptions that were made during the planes certification. This speed was much lower than the speed at which the stall actually occurred, and in fact the plane never decelerated enough to reach it. So why didnt they do this? Contact me via @Admiral_Cloudberg on Reddit, @KyraCloudy on Twitter, or by email at kyracloudy97@gmail.com. But it might have occurred during a shift change, or when the forklift ran out of fuel and briefly sat idle. DC-10s continue to be used extensively in air freight operations, and military variants also remain in service. The experienced pilots, Captain Walter Lux and First Officer James Dillard, knew it was too late to abort the take-off, but they immediately attempted the correct procedure for climbing on two engines. But if damage during a maintenance check at Americans facility in Tulsa, Okla., two months earlier explained why the engine came off, it didnt fully explain why pilots lost control. On the 25th of May 1979, Americas deadliest plane crash unfolded in 31 harrowing seconds at Chicago OHare International Airport, as an American Airlines DC-10 packed with holiday travelers rolled over and plunged into the ground just moments after takeoff. While this made the pylon easier to remove, it also turned the forward attachment points into a rudimentary hinge: if the forks were lowered too much following the removal of the aft attachment point, the heavy engine would cause the entire unit to rotate around the forward attachment points, sending the aft end of the pylon slamming upward into the underside of the wing with a force of more than 9,000 kilograms (20,000lbs). All 271 aboard the DC-10 and two people on. It begins to descend. The Los Angeles-bound flight, operated by a McDonnell. With a tremendous boom and an earth-shaking roar, American Airlines flight 191 slammed into an open field 1,600 meters beyond the end of runway 32R, angled 21 degrees nose down and banked 112 degrees to the left. After the crash of American Airlines Flight 191 in 1979, investigators discovered nine DC-10s at other airlines with damage as a result of a maintenance procedure that involved a forklift. It would be the last time they spoke to air traffic control. Equipment! A memorial now stands in a park several kilometers away, but the site of Americas deadliest air disaster remains just as much an unremarkable slice of Midwestern exurbia as it was on that fateful day in 1979. The only crash-related audio collected by the recorder is a thumping noise (likely the sound of the engine separating), followed by the first officer exclaiming, "Damn!" Aug. 4, 1985 12 AM PT. When a case related to flight 191 landed in civil court, American Airlines tried to get White to deny any knowledge of the memos; when he refused, the company fired him. OE^,k'gJg5yQy(e260"?6m-B>|yHmH+OVvY3IY4404y 7zb=ipGs]"m!KR6vr1&[b`Ui52i t(` uOnDw8{Pt,sLt #F $q2L -}?9KxtP:`:B uwF%t@G?c v,~'#|Ga %;)zt The intensity of the blaze and sheer number of people on board made identifying the victims unusually difficult, said Edward Pavlik, an orthodontist and chief of forensic sciences for the Cook County sheriffs office, who was part of a team of forensic dentists that worked to identify victims of Flight 191. The impact on the public was increased by the dramatic effect of an amateur photo taken of the aircraft rolling that was published on the front page of the Chicago Tribune on the Sunday two days after the crash. The FAA disputed the idea that companies were allowed to police themselves, saying it exerts strict oversight and is directly involved in testing and approving new features and technologies. As the aircraft began to climb, the damaged left wingwith no engineproduced far less lift (it stalled) than the right wing, which had its slats still deployed and its engine providing full takeoff thrust. That equals money, said Anthony Brickhouse, associate professor of aerospace and occupational safety at Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University. One crashed as Flight 191. That would have worked only if electrical faults were no longer present in the number-one electrical system. This was the wings stall speed: the speed at which the angle of attack, the angle of the wing relative to the airstream, reached the critical point. CHICAGO (AP) Decades after American Airlines Flight 191 crashed moments after taking off from Chicago's O'Hare International Airport, it remains the deadliest aviation accident in U.S. history. American Airlines Flight 191, a McDonnell-Douglas DC-10-10, crashed on takeoff from Chicago-O'Hare International Airport, Illinois, USA. [44] The memorial is located on the south shore of Lake Opeka, at Lake Park at the northwest corner of Lee and Touhy Avenues,[45] two miles east of the crash site. A series of air disasters in the decade and a half that followed, coupled with rising demand for air travel that put more passengers on more airplanes each day, forced the industry to reckon with its safety record, aviation safety experts said. The structure surrounding the forward pylon mount also failed from the resulting stresses. Rain of Fire Falling: The crash of American Airlines flight 191 | by Admiral Cloudberg | Medium 500 Apologies, but something went wrong on our end. Indeed, the flight data recorder revealed that flight 191 began turning to the left as soon as it decelerated below 159 knots. @*xA6't:[N)`~YOo/f'pgt9tOGZRfeRf-SSM)o>Ljr|j-7@.p|Ap F,5^SWdo/m"w=_.sQ At 3:02:38 Chicago time, the control tower cleared American Airlines flight 191 for takeoff on runway 32R heading northwest. The separation resulted from damage caused by improper maintenance procedures, which led to the failure of the pylon structure. This has allowed airlines to receive reports of problems from other airlines, the FAA, and manufacturers through a variety of reliable channels, ensuring that information about technical difficulties reaches everyone who needs to know it. As an AAdantage member you earn miles on every trip and everyday spend. All 271 aboard the DC-10 and two people on. [50], Chicago folk singer Steve Goodman wrote the song "Ballad of Flight 191 (They Know Everything About It)" in response to the crash and the subsequent investigation as the inaugural song for a series of topical songs that aired on National Public Radio in 1979. The fallout from the accident was, if nothing else, a call to action for an industry and its regulators. Theyd been told a plane had crashed. To make matters even worse, the center of gravity of the engine-pylon assembly lay nearly 3 meters forward of the pylons forwardmost attachment points. As the engine broke away from the wing, numerous wires were severed, creating transient short circuits which tripped the bus tie relay and isolated the number one A.C. generator bus. The Tribune modified the archive graphics and filled out the description of what happened with new reporting. In fact, the FAA didnt even want to hear about maintenance incidents the agency was concerned mostly with damage incurred during operations. For example, the DC-10s certification assumed that the separation of an engine and pylon on takeoff was a one in ten billion event, and other systems on board the plane were designed based on that assumption, but American Airlines in-house practices significantly increased this probability and undermined the basis on which the plane was considered safe. 531 0 obj <>stream Despite initial safety concerns, DC-10 aircraft continued to serve with passenger airlines for over three decades after the crash of Flight 191. This retraction significantly raised the stall speed of the left wing. [9], What was said in the cockpit in the 50 seconds leading up to the final impact is not known, as the cockpit voice recorder (CVR) lost power when the engine detached. [12] The aircraft eventually slammed into a field around 4,600 feet (1,400m) from the end of the runway. In the mobile home park and the nearby warehouses, people ran for their lives, fleeing what one witness later called a rain of fire falling.. American Airlines Flight 191 was a scheduled commercial flight from O'Hare International Airport in Chicago to Los Angeles International Airport. Only a few years had passed since the DC-10 became the center of a global scandal over the poor design of its cargo door, a flaw which had caused one of the deadliest plane crashes of all time in March 1974. It didn't strike the top of the wing on its way; rather, it followed the clear path of the airflow of the wing, up and over the top of it, then down below the tail. It would be the last word captured by the cockpit voice recorder. American Airlines flight 191, flight of a passenger airliner that crashed on May 25, 1979, near Chicagos OHare International Airport. But the smoke was so thick that Bill Clark, a lieutenant at the time, said he couldnt be certain until he sliced through a fence and saw the deep furrow the aircraft made in the ground, along with debris and victims. The crash also led directly to the creation of a voluminous regulation known as the Instructions for Continued Airworthiness. The mechanics screwed the pylon back in place and went home, completely unaware that the internal structure of the pylon had been fatally compromised. In order to fix the problem, McDonnell Douglas issued a pair of service bulletins instructing operators to replace the bearings at their convenience. hD Image p2p slug: chi-hist-planecrash_420110823161929, Image p2p slug: chi-hist-planecrash_320110823161857. With no local hydraulic pressure to hold them in the extended position, aerodynamic forces overcame the actuators and forced the slats to retract. As he did the inspection, I just had the feeling there was something not right, said Gigliotti, 71, who retired in 2002 and lives in Pittsburgh. From Associated Press. But the engine that had broken off had severed hydraulic lines that controlled leading-edge slats designed to lower a wings stall speed, ripped a section from the front of the wing, and disabled instruments that would have informed Lux of the precise situation. About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise . 3:03:52 p.m.: Seeing this, an air traffic controller radios the plane: "All right, ah, American, ah, one ninety one heavy. Within days of the crash, the Federal Aviation Administration ordered other carriers to inspect their DC-10s, focusing on the area where the engine attaches to the wing. The carnage, it was just one of the most horrible things youve ever seen, he said. Hes not talking to me, the controller said to someone in the tower. Investigators felt that he could not reasonably have been expected to do this during the 20 seconds or so before the plane went out of control. The crash site is a field located northwest of the intersection of Touhy Avenue (Illinois Route 72) and Mount Prospect Road on the border of the suburbs of Des Plaines and Mount Prospect, Illinois. But theres no danger of Fight 191 being forgotten by those connected to the crash, or in the aviation community. All 271 aboard the DC-10 and two people on. Inside the cockpit, Captain Lux uttered the word Damn, and then the voice recorder went dead. Unable to withstand the takeoff load, the damaged pylon aft bulkhead split into several pieces, ripping out the aft connection points. At 3:02:38 p.m., May 25 American Airlines Flight 191, a DC-10 bound for Los Angeles International Airport, gets clearance for takeoff. Little did they know that flight 191 would barely even make it past the end of the runway. Both airlines and regulators missed opportunities to spot the risks before the Flight 191 crash, either by better vetting the hazards of using the forklift or spotting red flags, the NTSB said in the report. Minutes later, it crashed. But the first time he saw one of the victims, he didnt immediately recognize it as a body. Additionally, two persons on the ground sustained fatal injuries. All 258 passengers and 13 crew on board were killed, along with two people on the ground. [citation needed], If the forklift had been positioned incorrectly, the engine/pylon assembly would not be stable as it was being handled, causing it to rock like a see-saw and jam the pylon against the wing's attachment points. MW The crack in the left engine pylons aft bulkhead occurred because of the airlines practice of removing the engine and pylon as a single unit using a forklift. Its legacy helped spur reforms that contributed to a vast improvement in commercial aviation safety. The National Transportation Safety Board traced Flight 191s damage to Americans decision to ignore McDonnell Douglas instructions during a maintenance procedure that required removing the engine and the pylon connecting it to the wing. https://www.britannica.com/event/American-Airlines-Flight-191. It was total devastation. In command that day was 53-year-old Captain Walter Lux, a veteran pilot who was type-rated on at least eight different airliners and had more than 22,500 flight hours under his belt. The crack grew steadily over the next two months, creeping outward in both directions, until it reached a length of 33 centimeters. After being briefed on the nature of the emergency, pilots who faced a simulated engine separation and partial slat retraction were easily able to maintain control and come around for an emergency landing. But the DC-10, like all airliners, is capable of climbing normally after losing an engine. Therefore, the pilots could not possibly have known that they had a slat asymmetry problem. American Airlines Flight 191 leaves the terminal at O'Hare International Airport and rolls out to a runway on May 25, 1979. It was his impression that the replacement of the pylon bearings was a minor repair conducted in accordance with an FAA-approved service bulletin, and that he had no reason to apply further scrutiny. one of the deadliest plane crashes of all time. Francis Gemme died on American Airlines Flight 191, which crashed just after takeoff from O'Hare International Airport on May 25, 1979. Looking back more than 40 years after the crash of American Airlines flight 191, it is indisputable that the tragedy led to profound changes that have made flying considerably safer. The DC-10, carrying 13 crew members and 258 passengers, crashed 31 seconds . Incredibly, no one noticed. All 271 aboard the DC-10 and two people on . The engine/pylon assembly was supported by something other than the aircraft itself. [1]:75 First Officer James Dillard (age 49) and Flight Engineer Alfred Udovich (age 56) were also highly experienced: 9,275 hours and 15,000 hours, respectively. The DC-10s stall warning computers only received slat position data from their own side of the airplane; there was no crossover. Engineers at American were already aware that United Airlines had used this method to drastically reduce the time and effort involved in complying with the service bulletins. Hydraulic system two was undamaged. On May 27, 1979, American Arlines Flight 191 crashed one-half mile from the runway's end. Updates? [18] The Antarctic sightseeing flight hit a mountain;[32][33][34] however, the crash was caused by several human and environmental factors not related to the airworthiness of the DC-10, and the aircraft was later completely exonerated. In February 2014, Biman Bangladesh Airlines operated the final DC-10 passenger flights. One possibility was that a hydraulic failure robbed them of their ability to manipulate the controls. In 1978, American Airlines performed contract work on several DC-10s on behalf of a foreign carrier, which had asked them to bring the planes into compliance with the two McDonnell Douglas service bulletins concerning the pylon bearings. As 258 passengers filed on to American Airlines Flight 191 at OHare International Airport the Friday before Memorial Day in 1979, nothing suggested that they would never reach Los Angeles. The odds of a crash grow so slim, there are little things you overlook, he said. She skipped the flight, which crashed only minutes after takeoff, killing everyone on board. But Swaim, who declined to comment on the 737 Max case due to the ongoing investigation, noted concerns about the industrys inertia and the extent to which the FAA delegates authority to the companies it regulates have been around for decades even as safety improved. They hit 100 knots, then passed through V1 decision speed and continued onward to VR, rotation speed. hX[O[GcsvvfoR ",?X`Fo>FQp*8E"*xetP! American Airlines Flight 191 began its long-haul trip to Los Angeles without trouble, although delays at O'Hare had put it a few minutes behind schedule. [1]:53 In response to the accident, slat relief valves were mandated to prevent slat retraction in case of hydraulic line damage. Hence, the engine/pylon assembly separation could only have resulted from a structural failure. There he goes, there he goes! someone exclaimed. Without the bolt joining the bulkhead to the clevis, the bulkhead could be forced farther upward until the clevis impacted the upper flange of the bulkhead, as seen in the above animation. Continental, for example, twice caught and repaired damage similar to that found on Flight 191 before the crash, but American told the safety board that it wasnt aware other airlines had experienced problems. But the full story would prove to be much more complex, as a series of unforeseen mechanical complications, exacerbated by the very design of the airplane, robbed the pilots of the information they needed to regain control of an airliner which, in fact, could have been saved. He had not observed any pylon maintenance, was unaware that American Airlines was removing the pylon and engine as a unit, and in any case had not been requesting the details of the airlines maintenance procedures since 1977. The Crash:At 2:50pm, the flight . The NTSB also called for broader changes, such as better tracking and reporting of maintenance-related damage, stricter oversight of maintenance and tougher vetting when airlines sought to deviate from manufacturer-endorsed methods. As a result, the left wing entered a full aerodynamic stall.
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