Such myth-making glorifies a period of tyranny and corruption in which Marcos the son was as invested as his parents, Scalice says. [1] His administration oversaw the post-pandemic return to normalcy with the gradual reopening of the economy, return of face-to-face/physical classes, removal of stringent travel restrictions,[2] and the lifting of the mask-wearing mandate for outdoor and indoor settings. Then in 1983, the assassination of Marcos chief political rival, Benigno Aquino Jr., led the U.S. to distance itself from the Marcos regime. Analyst Robert Herrara-Lim says the chances of that happening in the May 9 election are "small but not insignificant. As mandated by Republic Act (RA) The results may help explain the Marcos familys political staying power. The opposite happened. The danger is not that Marcos Jr. will bring back martial law, he says rather that "a brutal dictatorship is being rehabilitated and brought back into Philippine life. And how might that be impacting the world? Data is a real-time snapshot *Data is delayed at least 15 minutes. [7], Marcos was inaugurated as the seventeenth president of the Philippines on June 30, 2022, at the National Museum of Fine Arts. rs worth well over $400 billion. Scalice says the Marcos era saw the warrantless arrests of 70,000 people, the deaths of nearly 4,000, the stifling of free speech and the persecution of political rivals. Ferdinand Bongbong Marcos Jr. is the presumptive President of the Philippines after winning a landslide in elections on May 9, according to unofficial results. Some recall the martial law period as one of peace (although not for the 34,000 political dissenters whom Amnesty International. The other major candidates running against Marcos Jr. dont come from such important families with such deep political connections. Create an FP account to save articles to read later and in the FP mobile app. The opposite happened. Ferdinand "Bongbong" Marcos Jr, the son of a former Philippines' dictator, has asked to be judged on his actions not his ancestors after dominating the country's presidential election. Politics, He also was twice indicted for corruption but never convicted., The youthfulness of the Philippine population helps obscure the truth of the Marcos dictatorship. Marcos Jr. has also played up his alliance with the Duterte family, as the outgoing president remains widely popular despite the brutal violence of his anti-drug campaign. Download the FP mobile app to read anytime, anywhere. Erik Ortiz is a senior reporter for NBC News Digital focusing on racial injustice and social inequality. Usernames may be updated at any time and must not contain inappropriate or offensive language. His 31,629,783 votes was not only the highest count ever recorded in a presidential election, but close to the sum total of the two previous records combined. Critics allege his election campaign was fuelled by a misinformation campaign on social media, which he denies. Your guide to the most important world stories of the day. It is a vision of the Philippines that is prosperous, rich in opportunity, and home to happy, morally upright, and productive citizens whose lives are meaningful because theirs is a just society, because theirs is a nation that has become great again.. For an optimal experience visit our site on another browser. [57], Marcos sought to continue his predecessor, Rodrigo Duterte's "friends to all, enemies to none" approach to foreign policy. By wide margins, Filipinos say they distrust China and want Philippine interests defended. It is a strategy he has honed on the back of a narrow loss to Robredo, who defeated him during the 2016 vice-presidential race. , The other major candidates running against Marcos Jr. dont come from such important families with such deep political connections. Tak jelas agenda kunjungan ke Negeri Kangguru, namun bersifat pribadi. Build! Explore the benefits of your FP subscription. But the prospect of a Marcos restoration inflames passions. "[62] Marcos has urged his fellow ASEAN leaders to complete a code of conduct for the South China Sea in accordance with the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and the Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea signed between ASEAN and China in 2002. It was also under his leadership that Ilocos Norte became a pioneer in wind power technology, which sustains not only the energy supply of the province but also of other parts of Northern Luzon. Ferdinand Marcos Jr, known as Bongbong, was educated in the Philippines and at a boarding school in England. Familiarity certainly helps. Jessica Chen Weiss, formerly a senior advisor for policy planning at the State Department under the Biden administration, makes the case that the United States is becoming consumed by competition with China, a strategy that could lead to dangerous conflict. It was superseded by the Build, Better, More program, which added more infrastructure projects. He is also a certified public accountant who previously worked as an auditor at SGV & Co. before earning his law degree. Jessica Chen Weiss, formerly a senior advisor for policy planning at the State Department under the Biden administration, makes the case that the United States is becoming consumed by competition with China, a strategy that could lead to dangerous conflict. His father, Ferdinand Marcos Sr., who ruled as a dictator for 14 years under martial law, was known for his big infrastructure projects but also for his enormous corruption. Marcos assumed office in 1965, imposed martial law in 1972 and didn't formally lift it until nearly a decade later, in 1981. Familiarity certainly helps. His presidential hopes benefited from name recognition and familial and regional loyalties as well as a deep-pocketed campaign that propagated a form of revisionist history, said Lily Ann Villaraza, chair of the Philippine studies departmentat City College of San Francisco. All Rights Reserved. He wants Pinoys to feel proud whenever they say, I am a Filipino.. So what accounts for Marcos Jr.s popularity in spite of his legacy of malfeasance? Social media platforms like Facebook and TikTok, where many Filipinos consume their information, were flooded with content casting martial law and life under the elder Marcos as a golden age., This directly informed many peoples understanding of martial law under his father presenting that history in a positive light, Villaraza said. Ferdinand Bongbong Marcos Jr., the presumptive president of the Philippines, at a campaign rally in Quezon City in April. When Marcos was declared the winner, demonstrators filled the streets of the capital, Manila, for days in what is known as the People Power Revolution. "It is [my] promise to be a president for all Filipinos," he added. Southeast Asia. , So what accounts for Marcos Jr.s popularity in spite of his legacy of malfeasance? Ferdinand Bongbong Marcos Jr. attends his mother Imelda Marcos's 90th birthday celebration in Manila, Philippines, on July 1, 2019. But its not just the United States. The rich were able to buy up more land, while the poor were left without titles or access to the best land. In a bid to rewrite the past, Marcos narrates polished videos that portray his parents as philanthropists and his father as a great innovator, sidestepping any mention of human rights abuses or theft of the national treasury. The younger Marcos has spent long years in politics. While average income has risen over the years, the Philippine Statistics Authority says nearly 24% of Filipinos, or 26 million people, lived below the poverty threshold in 2021, a result exacerbated by the pandemic. So unused to being challenged, the United States has become so filled with anxiety over China that sober responses are becoming nearly impossible. "But in the end, the Marcos administration its military rule was brutal.". And then there are the myths, widely believed in poorer parts of the Philippines, that the Marcoses do indeed hold vast wealth in offshore accounts or hidden stashes of gold bullion, but that these are being kept to benefit the Filipino people once they are restored to power. Essential analysis of the stories shaping geopolitics on the continent. What will another year of war look like? Marcos assumed office in 1965, imposed martial law in 1972 and didn't formally lift it until nearly a decade later, in 1981. But beyond the goals of one leader in Moscow, it is also clear that Ukraine has suffered horrors of a historic nature. More ways to stay updated on global news: By submitting your email, you agree to the Privacy Policy and Terms of Use and to receive email correspondence from us. Beijing's expansive claim to most of the South China Sea unnerves its smaller neighbors including the Philippines. Marcos Jr. has traded on carefully curated nostalgia about his fathers reign to propel himself to the presidency. Alberto Marquez/AP Janet Lim-Napoles, a businesswoman and the convicted ringleader of the scheme, claimed Marcos Jr. was involved, although he denied any knowledge and said his signature on forms releasing money to fake NGOs was forged. Supporters see vindication, and opponents see an assault on the country's fragile democracy. He is a popular presence on Chinese media app TikTok, where he posts reviews and presents a storyline of his family which once enjoyed a Kennedy-like mystique. By signing up, I agree to the Privacy Policy and Terms of Use and to occasionally receive special offers from Foreign Policy. Ms Robredo, who ran for president on the promise of a clean and effective government, also drew huge crowds at her "pink revolution" rallies. In the latest opinion poll released this week, the late dictator's son polled at 56% while support for Robredo was at a distant 23%.. The Russian president got many things wrong about invading Ukrainebut not everything. Politics A monthly digest of the top articles read by FP subscribers. , The United States created a system where only property owners could vote, limiting the franchise to 1 percent of the population in the 1907 legislative elections. The younger Marcos, better known as Bongbong, has kept a low profile in the mainstream media, instead running a sophisticated social media campaign with millions of followers. As mandated by Republic Act (RA) 10677, otherwise known as the Philippine Competition Act, the PCC shall implement the national competition policy and effectively enforce the PCA to ensure fair competition in the local market. He says the Marcoses do not publicly support such narratives, but he says the phenomenon has been a boon to the family's political fortunes. The results may help explain the Marcos familys political staying power. But today, public disillusionment with successive democratic governments seems to have displaced the excesses of the Marcos regime in public consciousness. But a major question remains whether Marcos Jr. will continue many of the policies under Duterte, who is a close ally, and potentially appease Chinese leader Xi Jinping amid the two countries territorial disputes in the South China Sea. This is why he wants to restore in Filipinos the sense of pride in themselves and the sense of nationhood. BBM also thinks that the Filipinos most remarkable character is the never-give-up attitude resilient as others would define it tough, but in a gentle way. that in the 2004 election, when there was evidence that a mayor had engaged in corruption on one occasion, that mayor was 4.6 percent less likely to be reelected. hide caption. Cue the protests from other parts of the globe: A chorus of nations are accusing Washington of fostering unfair competition. hide caption. This is similar to how voters react to corruption in other countries. But from 1972 to 1981, Marcos also controlled the Philippines through martial law, which he declared was necessary in order to combat perceived threats to the country from communists and Muslim separatists. A Division of NBCUniversal. His pledge of better roads, more accessible internet, lower utility and food costs, and a desire to unite the Philippines seemed to sway voters, Villaraza said. Ella Mage contributed to this story from Manila. But the BBC's Howard Johnson in Manila says there are lingering questions about broken machines at polling stations and videos allegedly showing vote buying. Dynasties are so influential that they have largely replaced political parties as the bedrock of Philippine politics. While his father's loyalties to the United States were unquestioned, Marcos Jr. lives in a world where the U.S.-China rivalry presents geopolitical stakes of a different order, and they loom over the Philippines. Join the conversation on this and other recent Foreign Policy articles when you subscribe now. Ferdinand Negre With Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte ineligible for reelection, Ferdinand Marcos Jr.widely known as Bongbongis poised to win a landslide victory at the polls on May 9. FPsRavi Agrawalsat down with U.S. Trade RepresentativeKatherine Tai, the Biden administrations top official tasked with mapping out and implementing the White Houses trade policy.Watchthe conversation onFP Live, the magazines forum for live journalism, orreada condensed transcript. met US President Joe Biden in New York last week, there was an uncomfortable sense of deja vu Unofficial results from Mondays election show Marcos Jr., 64, capturing more than 31 million votes, double that of his closest rival, current Vice President Leni Robredo, with other candidates trailing far behind, including retired boxing champ Manny Pacquiao. Pemberitahuan legal. Known as Bongbong in the Philippines, Marcos Jr is running on a platform of unity and has promised more jobs, lower prices, and more investment in agriculture and infrastructure. Opinion polls in the run-up to the election put Mr Marcos Jr ahead of his nearest rival, Leni Robredo, by dozens of percentage points. Xi and Biden were among the first world leaders to congratulate Marcos Jr. on his apparent election win, suggesting the two rivals view the Philippines as a pivotal linchpin in the strategically important Indo-Pacific region. With his apparent win, the son and namesake of the late dictator has cemented his familys political comeback 36 years after they fled the Southeast Asian nation in disgrace. When the Marcoses and their entourage absconded from the Philippines, it was with a stunning supply of wealth, The Los Angeles Times reported in 1986: $7.7 million in cash and $4 million in gems and jewelry, including a gold crown and three diamond-studded tiaras. [13], Marcos' leadership style was described by his press secretary Trixie Cruz-Angeles as being "more systematic and efficient", compared to his predecessor Rodrigo Duterte, who was driven by passion. Over 50% of Filipinos eligible to vote on Monday's election are between the ages of 18 and 41, according to the Commission on Elections as quoted by the local media. Over the intervening years, the Marcos clan has spruced up its image: Marcos Jr. appeared as a child in a movie glorifying his father. Marcos Jr. has avoided saying much about his opponents who have attacked him and his revisionist Marcos history. [citation needed] The Marcos administration faced challenges during this period such as a domestic sugar supply shortage in mid-2022, rising inflation rate brought about by the pandemic, and the economic effects of the Russian invasion of Ukraine. His father ran a similar campaign, promising to make the Philippines "great again." In Brazil, which also suffers from substantial corruption, researchers Claudio Ferraz and Frederico Finan. Needs to Talk About the Risk of War With China. [4][5] He won the 2022 elections, receiving 31,629,783 (58.77%) votes out of a total of 56,097,722, beating his closest rival, Liberal Party member and Vice President Leni Robredo by over 15 million votes.[6]. This has made the campaign all about him and left his opponents looking small. Women activists hold a makeshift prison cell with colleagues wearing masks depicting President Rodrigo Duterte (left) and Ferdinand "Bongbong" Marcos Jr. (right), son of the late dictator Ferdinand Marcos, and currently presidential aspirant for the May 9 elections, during a march to Malacanang Palace to celebrate International Women's Day in Manila last month. Their appointments were also approved by the President last February 27. Former first lady Imelda Marcos, famous for her lavish shoe collection, recalled stuffing "diamonds into diapers" in the rush to escape aboard a U.S. Air Force plane. While Duterte, 77, cannot by law seek reelection, his daughter is running for vice president alongside Marcos. As legislator, one of the most important pieces of legislation that BBM was WebBONGBONG MARCOS Congressman (1992 to 1995; 2007 to 2010) When Bongbong served as Representative of the 2nd District of the Province of Ilocos Norte, he authored and co-authored several house bills and resolutions, most of which were of local scope and geared towards the needs of his constituency. Can Nigeria's election result be overturned? Her infamous 3,000-pair shoe collection discovered when protesters stormed the presidential palace in the 1986 uprising is now housed in a Manila museum. The Biden administration has passed landmark legislations such as theInflation Reduction Act(IRA) and theCHIPS and Science Act, which provide subsidies in clean energy and semiconductoShow morers worth well over $400 billion. Some dynasties have also used force to turn out votes of limited competition. [8] The inaugural ceremony was notable for his meeting with outgoing president Rodrigo Duterte at the Malacaang Palace whose departure honors were also held at the complex, the military-civic parade, and his 25-minute speech that gives a view of what his presidency will look like.[9][10]. Successive administrations did not, as promised, narrow the gap between the rich and poor or stamp out corruption, he says. Meanwhile, Debbie Torres is the newly-appointed Director 4 for the DILG, while Jose Albert Barrogo and Luz Marcelino have both been named Director 3 for the DA. 2023 BBC. Military officers defected in support of Aquino, who was sworn in on Feb. 25, 1986. Imelda Marcos arrives at the Commission on Elections to lend support for her daughter Imee Marcos in filing her candidacy for a Senate seat in 2018 in Manila. Ferdinand Marcos Sr, who died in 1989, and his wife Imelda stole an estimated $10bn (8.1bn) from the Philippines' coffers, becoming infamous examples of public graft. Whether Marcos will be the one who must weigh it up will depend on his rivals and whether they can mobilize against the brand he's offering. For its part, Washington has made a series of policy choices over the last few years that can be summed Show moreup as tough on Beijing, even seeking to contain the rise of the worlds second-biggest economy. Marcos Sr. was forced out of office 36 years ago, which is well before much of the electorate was even born. As a young lawyer, she worked for four years in New York where she first met Marcos while he was accompanying his parents to their anti-racketeering court trial in New York. This is similar to how voters react to corruption in other countries. Imelda Marcos endorses her son Ferdinand "Bongbong" Marcos Jr., second from right, as a vice presidential candidate in 2015. I agree to abide by FPs comment guidelines. The Philippine government has recovered some $3.4 billion from the couple's ill-gotten wealth, and is still collecting. Women activists hold a makeshift prison cell with colleagues wearing masks depicting President Rodrigo Duterte (left) and Ferdinand "Bongbong" Marcos Jr. (right), son of the late dictator Ferdinand Marcos, and currently presidential aspirant for the May 9 elections, during a march to Malacanang Palace to celebrate International Women's Day in Manila last month. Corazon "Cory" Aquino, the widow of assassinated Philippine opposition leader Benigno Aquino and leader of the peaceful People Power Revolution, became president. Bongbong Marcos successfully portrayed himself as the candidate for change, like his predecessor Rodrigo Duterte, promising happiness and unity to a country weary of the years of political polarisation and pandemic hardship and hungry for a better story. The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites. But there was also little for people to pick apart during the campaign, said Vicente Rafael, author of The Sovereign Trickster: Death and Laughter in the Age of Duterte and aprofessor of Southeast Asian history at the University of Washington in Seattle. Marcos supporters have been celebrating since early results suggested a big victory, Ferdinand "Bongbong" Marcos Jr at his last campaign rally, Bongbong Marcos: The man attempting to revive a corrupt dynasty, 'Politicians hire me to spread fake stories', Bakhmut attacks still being repelled, says Ukraine, AOC under investigation for Met Gala dress, Mother who killed her five children euthanised, Canadian grandma helps police snag phone scammer, Zoom boss Greg Tomb fired without cause, The children left behind in Cuba's exodus. The default username below has been generated using the first name and last initial on your FP subscriber account. My research shows that, when given a choice, Philippine voters are less likely to vote for corrupt politicians. Is the Biden administrations China policy too hawkish? [citation needed], The Marcos administration launched its COVID-19 booster shot campaign, PinasLakas, to administer booster doses to at least 23 million Filipinos during Marcos' first 100 days,[45] but managed to boost only 3.5 million. Gerald Divinagracia was designated as ARTA deputy director-general, while tapped for the Director 4 post were Grace Fernandez and Leonardo Tapia. The elder Marcos, a lawyer, leveraged his military service during World War II to ascend the countrys political ranks. The elder Marcos, a lawyer, leveraged his military service during World War II to ascend the countrys political ranks. PRESIDENT Ferdinand "Bongbong" Marcos Jr. has appointed lawyer Ferdinand Negre as new Philippine Competition Commission (PCC) chief, Malacaang announced Bongbong, as he is popularly known, was 15 when his father imposed martial law in the Philippines in 1972. In Brazil, which also suffers from substantial corruption, researchers Claudio Ferraz and Frederico Finan showed that in the 2004 election, when there was evidence that a mayor had engaged in corruption on one occasion, that mayor was 4.6 percent less likely to be reelected. Got a confidential news tip? Bullit Marquez/AP The United States also instituted a system of land titles. With more than 98% of an initial count completed, the 64-year-old senator has a seemingly unassailable lead with double the votes of his nearest rival. Opportunistic firms in Asia and Europe have already begun to relocate investments to the United States. Bongbong Marcos is the son of 10th president Ferdinand Marcos, who was in power from 1965 to 1986.He belongs to the Source: https://www.facebook.com/IPOPHL, Sign up for The Manila Times daily newsletters, By signing up with an email address, I acknowledge that I have read and agree to the. Today, his son Ferdinand Romualdez Marcos Jr., 64, is the frontrunner to replace outgoing President Rodrigo Duterte and reclaim the presidency for the Marcos family. Both candidates tried to woo those below the age of 30, who account for nearly half of the registered voters. By one estimate from Harvard University, more than 130,000 Ukrainian soldiers have been killed or severely wounded, in addition to the deaths of more than 7,000 Ukrainian civilians. For a significant portion of Filipinos voting for the presidential election in the Philippines, the memories of dictator Ferdinand Marcos' brutal and corrupt reign have not been erased. Few have a recollection of martial law. In return, the ruling families tend to commission populist projects. "[60] He favors a pacifist approach to resolving the territorial disputes in the South China Sea (West Philippine Sea),[61] specifically "through diplomacy and dialogue. Marcos Jr.s campaign also appeals to nostalgia among voters who lived during the era when Marcos Sr. built new rail lines, cultural centers, hospitals, and other infrastructure projects, as well as among younger voters who have been sold on this sanitized image of the Marcos era. He did this by capitalizing on the strengths of the land and its people, and by showcasing the provinces natural and cultural destination areas. The family fled to the U.S. shortly thereafter. by Reuters. Mr Marcos' father led the country from 1965 until 1986, imposing martial law and presiding over a period of widespread human rights abuses, corruption and poverty. Imelda Marcos endorses her son Ferdinand "Bongbong" Marcos Jr., second from right, as a vice presidential candidate in 2015. In a political system dominated by powerful families, corrupt politicians can still succeed. Imelda Marcos arrives at the Commission on Elections to lend support for her daughter Imee Marcos in filing her candidacy for a Senate seat in 2018 in Manila. [51], In December 2022, Marcos issued an executive order formalizing former President Rodrigo Duterte's spoken order earlier that May to suspend e-sabong (online cockfighting) operations in the country. It was moved to the National Museum since the Manila COVID-19 Field Hospital still occupies the site at the time of the inauguration. . Bongbong Marcos Aims to Restore Family Pride in Race to Malacaang. Relations between the United States and China seem to be getting frostier by the day. The United States also instituted a system of land titles. It eventually forced him to flee to Hawaii, where he died in 1989. ", "Marcos swears in Cabinet members as 1st 'official act', "Marcos takes oath as 17th Philippine president", "Bongbong Marcos to head agriculture department in concurrent post", "Sara Duterte takes oath as 15th vice president", "Marcos picks ex-CJ Bersamin as new executive secretary", "Bongbong Marcos appoints career diplomat Enrique Manalo as DFA secretary", "Enrile, Guevarra, Faustino to join Marcos Cabinet", "Marcos picks Carlito Galvez as Defense secretary", "Marcos taps Vergeire as Health dept OIC", "Housing department assures unhampered operations", "Jose Acuzar takes oath as housing chief under Bongbong Marcos admin", "Marcos appoints former STAR reporter Edu Punay as DSWD OIC", "Marcos names Valenzuela Rep. Gatchalian as DSWD chief", "Marcos picks Clarita Carlos as NSA, Conrado Estrella as DAR chief", "PBBM swears in Yulo-Loyzaga as DENR chief", "Abalos gets DILG post; Marcos transition team members named", "Sara Duterte spox Christina Frasco to serve as tourism secretary", "Bongbong Marcos picks ex-PAL president Jaime Bautista for DOTr", "Former GMA Cabinet member appointed energy secretary by PBBM", "Former DILG Secretary Ao sworn in as new National Security Adviser", "Erwin Tulfo to serve as DSWD secretary; 4 other Marcos Cabinet members named", "Incoming solicitor general Guevarra: From Aquino to Duterte and now Marcos", "Palace issues memo allowing Galvez to remain in his post", "PBBM names Paul Soriano as Presidential Adviser on Creative Comms; Swears in 3 COMELEC officials", "DOH launches COVID-19 booster program targeting 23 million Filipinos", "Nearly 3.5 million individuals get 1st booster shots under PinasLakas drive", "Marcos OKs voluntary use of masks outdoors", "PBBM extends state of calamity until year-end", "Philippines ratifies RCEP trade deal after shift by Marcos", "NCRPO on full alert for return of travelers, full F2F classes", "Marcos formalizes Duterte's spoken order to suspend e-sabong", "Goodbye 'Build, Build, Build'; P1.196-T sought for PBBM's 'Build, Better, More' infrastructure program", "More LGUs support Marcos' housing program", "10 more LGUs sign up for Pambansang Pabahay", "Post-pandemic must-have: Marcos vows better internet in far-flung areas", "Bongbong Marcos signs SIM Card Registration Act", "PBBM pledges 'safer, more prosperous' PH amid challenging times", "Marcos Shuns International Court Probing Duterte Drug War", "Marcos calls for 'diplomacy, dialogue' to settle SCS disputes", "Marcos pushes for early conclusion of South China Sea Code of Conduct", "Philippines' Marcos to Pursue Bilateral Deal With Beijing Over South China Sea", "Marcos: PH has 'no territorial conflict with China', "Philippines' Marcos Jnr weaves new diplomacy bringing back close-knit US ties", "Marcos sees stronger PH-US alliance in coming years", "Marcos admin gets high approval ratings in Pulse Asia survey", "Philippines election winner Marcos tells world to judge him by actions, not family's past", "Rights groups push for 'immediate justice,' independent probe on PH human rights abuses", "Bayan coalition to present 'people's demands' during SONA protest rally", Historical distortion regarding Ferdinand Marcos, Secretary of Interior and Local Government, National Economic and Development Authority, Presidential Adviser on the Peace Process, Presidential Adviser on Legislative Affairs, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_Bongbong_Marcos&oldid=1142454413, Short description is different from Wikidata, Use Philippine English from November 2022, All Wikipedia articles written in Philippine English, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2022, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2022, Articles to be expanded from November 2022, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Presidential Adviser for Political Affairs, This page was last edited on 2 March 2023, at 13:24.