United States District Court. Conclusion (11) If the brief is produced on a typewriter: (A) A typewritten original and carbon copies may be filed only with the presiding justice's permission, which will ordinarily be given only to unrepresented parties proceeding in forma pauperis. stream <> <> p'F(`5 x}j[1Zd0mF`0Mv9>E \I$/%|n&kY#,I:~}N/}pZ'~oWz?lTJ?ms%Y % The United States PreTrial services for the Eastern District of California's Response to the COVID-19. The six sitting judges and three senior judges have submitted a draft letter[3] to the members of the Senate and House of Representatives from the Eastern District in which they argue that population growth in the District has necessitated an increase in the number of District Judges. hTmo0+X41$qT!RZAI)`)$(qwg'tyoF#-kDx$8>- !p IMb1\| \D0C>"VfF:QofnC#yIR1"jp=v F{>$d{j +l 24 0 obj The Clerk's Office of the U.S. District Court is looking to fill . (2) If the brief is filed, the reviewing court may, on its own or a party's motion, with or without notice: (A) Order the brief returned for corrections and refiling within a specified time; (B) Strike the brief with leave to file a new brief within a specified time; or, (Subd (e) amended effective January 1, 2006.). UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA RANDY K. BARKER, ) Case No. Subdivision (c)(3) specifies certain items that are not counted toward the maximum brief length. <> stream The current rules have been in operation since October 1, 1982. text (including footnotes). <>>> <> 56-1). Unrepresented incarcerated litigants may use elite type, 12 characters per inch, if they lack access to a typewriter with larger characters. 16 0 obj Service Provider Authorizations Job Aid. No Notice of Lodging of deposition is filed when a deposition is submitted for use at trial or an evidentiary hearing. 2071. . Text Size: Decrease font size; Reset font size; Increase font size; Court Information. Margins 1.5" on all sides. The United States Attorney's Office for the Eastern District of California represents the United States in civil and criminal litigation in the court. Unless counsel or parties have been expressly authorized to communicate with chambers, all appropriate oral and written communications are to be submitted to the Courtroom Deputy Clerk. So here is a summary of our philosophy when it comes to the ideal fonts in California courts for legal documents. Note: To ensure that your new address or telephone number is recorded correctly, please notify the Clerk's Office of any changes by separate letter. On subsequently filed documents, thecase number and/or thejudges initials are incorrect. >> Note: When a motion for a temporary restraining order or an application for a preliminary injunction is properly filed and requires an immediate hearing, counsel should promptly notify chambers staff or the courtroom deputy clerk for the judge assigned to the case to arrange for a subsequent court hearing. (5) The lines of text must be unnumbered and at least one-and-a-half-spaced. <> Search form. 11-3.3). Subdivision (c)(5) clarifies that a party seeking permission to exceed the page or word limits stated in subdivision (c)(1) and (2) must proceed by application under rule 8.50, rather than by motion under rule 8.54, and must show good cause. endobj Creating a CJA24 Authorizations Job Aid. /Filter /FlateDecode Footnotes shall be in typeface no less than two sizes smaller than text size (e.g., if text size is 14, font size shall be no smaller than 12) and shall be used sparingly. A submitted document is notnumbered consecutively at the bottom of each page. In addition to providing the cover information required by rule 8.40(b), the cover must state: (B) The title, trial court number, and Court of Appeal number of the case; (C) The names of the trial court and each participating trial judge; and. The Clerk's Office of the U.S. District Court is looking to fill the position of Statistician Intern. ;:"62A[ELYG: A party seeking summaryjudgmentdoes not lodge aproposed judgment. (Subd (a) amended effective January 1, 2006.). Any party proceeding pro se shall be expected to be familiar with and follow the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. The takeaway for best practices formatting your document? Bigger is better. The case title on the summons does not match the case title on the complaint. A party filing a brief may attach copies of exhibits or other materials in the appellate record or copies of relevant local, state, or federal regulations or rules, out-of-state statutes, or other similar citable materials that are not readily accessible. font type, and 1.5 line spacing. Text and footnotes must be double spaced. Eastern District of New York Home Forms Select a form category on the left or search for a form using the "Search this Site" box above. Chief judges have administrative responsibilities with respect to their district court. 10 0 obj <> (2) Any conventional font may be used. 27 0 obj To obtain leave to file supplemental or amended pleadings. All documents filed must have a page size of 81/2 by 11 inches. A notice of removal is filed without a conformed copy of the state court complaint. All documents required to be submitted to the court in word processing format pursuant to Local Rules 137, 163 and 281 (proposed orders, jury instructions and pretrial statements) must be submitted in Word format (.docx). The followingpleading paper instructions and templates are provided to assist counsel in submitting their documents in Microsoft Word format. (10) If filed in paper form, the cover must be in the color prescribed by rule 8.40(a). (7) The pages must be consecutively numbered. The United States District Court for the Eastern District of California (in case citations, E.D. Eastern District of Pennsylvania. Saint Mary's College of California ( BA) UC Hastings ( JD) Troy Lynne Nunley (born May 23, 1964) [1] is a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of California . Please consult the Local Civil Rules for further information. Choose the improved font. Change of Address or E-mail Address | Eastern District of Louisiana | United States District Court Home Attorney Information Admissions & E-Filing Privileges Change of Address or E-mail Address (For assistance with your PACER login, please contact PACER at 1-800-676-6856.) (1) A brief may be reproduced by any process that produces a clear, black image of letter quality. Maximum PDF File Size: 50 MB: Maximum Merge Document Size: 100 MB: Court Locations and Contact Information. /Font <> 17 0 obj 4. 6 0 obj endobj endobj Attorney Associates Functionality. endstream endobj startxref La63 b*4bZE}wZVQa4P^C9lCav+a!u=s G&ttFeNeoF 7wvU}]g-;a 2DPSZ}}gEo | 32-1). <> (3) The tables required under (a)(1), the cover information required under (b)(10), the Certificate of Interested Entities or Persons required under rule 8.208, a certificate under (1), any signature block, and any attachment under (d) are excluded from the limits stated in (1) or (2). (See Local Rules). Subdivision (c) governs the maximum permissible length of a brief. Subdivision (c)(1) implements this provision by requiring the writer of a brief produced on a computer to include a certificate stating the number of words in the brief, but allows the writer to rely on the word count of the computer program used to prepare the brief. (L.R. <> Courthouse in Sacramento. font type, and 1.5 line spacing. endobj Gina L. Faubion. 5-3.1). <> <> But with typography, the visual component of the written word, you have the opportunity to make your documents stand out, to create a positive reading experience for the judges and clerks who will be looking at them. 6-1). FAQs; Site Map; Court Locations; Court Proceedings Schedule; Departments; Court Holidays; Fees; Local Rules, Standing and . <> It extends over 87,000 square miles, 45% of which is federal land. 13 0 obj /Font <> endobj 5Zu:8]0] #}x'xMNY` 9$oE/">_mGi8\c%/4@vu{_^6H'H>0S At4iH[d,_^+Rn-r!UP>p5(GP&XF#fL>H rY_Oqs#qFr;~EZ}]rku8,G;46ek5xYfR_>uTc,{73b-+a|mJK8QR|)bP1D@$_E>h>Lc_m@X/A!k*. > > Read More.. Upper Left Corner of First Page Due to COVID-19, please click the link below for the U.S. /W [0 [750 0 0 277.832 0 354.9805 0 0 889.1602 0 190.918 333.0078 333.0078 0 0 277.832 333.0078 277.832 277.832] 19 28 556.1523 29 30 277.832 36 37 666.9922 38 39 722.168 40 [666.9922 610.8398 777.832 722.168 277.832 500 0 556.1523 833.0078 722.168 777.832 666.9922 0 722.168 666.9922 610.8398 722.168 0 943.8477 0 666.9922] 61 67 277.832 68 69 556.1523 70 [500 556.1523 556.1523 277.832 556.1523 556.1523 222.168 222.168 500 222.168 833.0078] 81 84 556.1523 85 [333.0078 500 277.832 556.1523 500 722.168] 91 138 500 139 [736.8164] 244 [833.9844]] (L.R. Headings may be in uppercase letters. 7 0 obj I first understood you could e-file until 12:00 midnight, but I've also heard the deadline is closer to 6:00 pm or . 11 0 obj Chief United States. The page numbering must begin with the cover page as page 1 and use only Arabic numerals (e.g., 1, 2, 3). When Times New Roman appears in a book, document, or advertisement, it connotes apathy. 9 0 obj @ |`PkC`h|Ac@Rrzx\6G> VcR60 >f 1;|AuUD2&s3 ;a-(x{;w^ All documents filed by attorneys must be filed electronically unless exempted by Local . Central Violations Bureau - Federal Ticket, Requests to Use District Court Facilities, Link Your CM/ECF Account to Your PACER Account, Electronic Filing and Case Access for Attorneys, Electronic Filing and Case Access for People Without Lawyers, Hardware and Software Requirements for Electronic Filing, Problem with PDF documents created on Mac Operating Systems, Hearing Access Request Form for Criminal Duty Proceedings, Guidelines for Zoom Courtroom Proceedings, Checking Status / Confirming Reporting Instructions, Direct Assignment of Civil Cases to Magistrate Judges, Pro Bono Limited-Scope Representation Pilot Program, Procedures for Recovering Out-of-Pocket Expenses, Policy for Reimbursement of Out-of-Pocket Expenses Incurred by Court-Appointed Pro Bono Counsel. Subdivision (c)(1), like FRAP 32(a)(7)(B)(i), imposes a limit of 14,000 words if the brief is produced on a computer. (L.R. (L.R. Robert T. Matsui Federal Courthouse, Sacramento CA. 1 0 obj Courthouse in Fresno and Robert T. Matsui U.S. For additional forms and to check for recent revisions, please click here for national forms. 14 0 obj Every paper filed with the Court must contain a caption setting forth the name of the Court, the title of the action, the file number, and designation of the action. jH Rule 8.204. Attorneys shall take notice of case numbers assigned to each case and shall place such numbers upon all pleadings, orders, and judgments. (1) Except as provided in (5), a brief produced on a computer must not exceed 14,000 words, including footnotes. (Subd (d) amended effective January 1, 2007.). Subdivision (e)(2) does not purport to limit the inherent power of the reviewing court to fashion other sanctions for such noncompliance. =3qqz1Re?+-[oG7jk;xw'6]|>Bq/ Ro|_#wg+{3z_D^Me]n|_MKOQ#.\K/Y/_}q/Z.\_$=Wz_=_|F3=F=z#X{,=bOL gdmzQEX>Gn{NExwbn=Ehyt%dYM7Kl&n. <> (L.R. If any part of the record is submitted in an electronic format, citations to that part must identify, with the same specificity required for the printed record, the place in the record where the matter appears. E-File Registration /Matrix [1 0 0 -1 0 792] Case names must be italicized or underscored. What is the deadline for e-filing in the Central District of California? Comments about this Web site, please contact: webmaster@nyed.uscourts.gov This e-mail address should NOT be used for inquiries regarding cases, opinions, photocopies or other types of information requests; however, comments on or suggestions for this Web site are welcome. 4 0 obj Southern District of California. 2 0 obj (4) Except as provided in (11), the font size, including footnotes, must not be smaller than 13-point, and both sides of the paper may be used. Subdivision (e) states the consequences of submitting briefs that do not comply with this rule: (e)(1) recognizes the power of the reviewing court clerk to decline to file such a brief, and (e)(2) recognizes steps the reviewing court may take to obtain a brief that does comply with the rule. 38-1). 2022 California Rules of Court Rule 2.104. Unlike the Supreme Court, where one justice is specifically nominated to be chief, the office of chief judge rotates among the district court judges. (e.g., size 12 Courier New). Spacing At least 1.5. If filed in paper form, the paper must be white or unbleached and of at least 20-pound weight. Courthouse Clerk's Office 333 W. Broadway San Diego CA 92101 Edward J. Schwartz U.S. ~@H0k P a$301210Cg P 75, Seat established on October 20, 1978 by 92Stat. x|{@T.eY The District was created on March 18, 1966, with the division of the Northern and Southern districts, leading to the creation of the Central and Eastern districts.[1]. endstream endobj 14 0 obj <>stream (2) Except as provided in (5), a brief produced on a typewriter must not exceed 50 pages. To assist all parties and to avoid possible delays, the following is a list of some of the more common mistakes made in filing documents in civil cases. (L.R. 0 Attorneys shall take notice of case numbers assigned to . A petition or answer produced on a typewriter must not exceed 25 pages. The Eastern District of California is one of the largest judicial districts in the country, both in terms of population and landmass. IT IS HEREBY ORDERED: All further pleadings and filings in this matter shall comply with the following: 1. (B) Both sides of the paper may be used if a photocopy is filed; only one side may be used if a typewritten original and carbon copies are filed. It is derived from the federal procedure of measuring the length of a brief produced on a computer by the number of words in the brief. Pretrial Disclosures pursuant to FRCvP 26(a)(3) are to be filed. A discovery motion is filed without a joint stipulation. 12 0 obj x3T0 B]C aniU134r+q) LRDC 0T w(K@!b)4@ } See also rule 1.200 concerning the format of citations. A Notice of Interested Parties is not filed with a first appearance. /Matrix [1 0 0 -1 0 792] %%EOF United States Bankruptcy Court Eastern District of Oklahoma Chief Judge Honorable Paul R. Thomas | Bonnie N. Hackler, Acting Clerk of Court Court Info Judge Info For Attorneys Filing Without an Attorney Training Forms Case Info Office of the US Trustee For Creditors Local Forms List Home Forms LOCAL FORMS LIST Adversary Forms Proof Of Claims Forms If any communication from the Court to a pro se plaintiff is not responded to within thirty (30) days, the case may be dismissed without prejudice. No civil cover sheet is filed with a new action, or the civil cover sheet is not completely filled out. The United States Probation Office for the Eastern District of California's Response to the COVID-19. Signature of attorney, address, telephone number, and Arkansas Supreme Court Identification Number. 3 0 obj If a motion requires consideration of facts not appearing of record, the parties may serve and file copies of all photographs, documents, or other evidence deemed necessary in support of or in opposition to the motion, in addition to affidavits required or permitted by the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Subdivision (b)(3) requires the font style to be roman, but permits the use of italics, boldface, or underscoring for emphasis; it also requires case names to be italicized or underscored. (L.R. 83-1.3.1). All documents filed must have a page size of 81/2 by 11 inches. Attorney Budget Authorizations. To permit substitution of or substituted parties or attorneys. Quoted material, headings, captions, signature blocks, and certifications . Gina L. Faubion. (D) The name of the party that each attorney on the brief represents. Contents and format of briefs. Such a brief must include a certificate by appellate counsel or an unrepresented party stating the number of words in the brief. endobj Subdivision (c). eVoucher Online Help Tool. >> text (including footnotes). Chief US District Judge D. P. Marshall Jr. <>stream Font size; printing Unless otherwise specified in these rules, all papers filed must be prepared using a font size not smaller than 12 points. All documents must be filed electronically unless excused by the court or efiling procedures . <> >> <> . Efiling. >> <> 3. Embrace white space. The font is only one of many aspects of typography, and something weve been getting a lot of questions about lately. <> Courthouse 2003 W. Adams Ave, El Centro, CA 92243 . Both examples technically meet the standards of the court rules, but one offers a better reading experience. Subdivision (e). (L.R. {1 exch sub} If a brief does not comply with this rule: (1) The reviewing court clerk may decline to file it, but must mark it "received but not filed" and return it to the party; or. >> stream Documents must be on 8.5" x 11" paper (E.D. (See Local Rule 26.2). When the office was created in 1948, the chief judge was the longest-serving judge who had not elected to retire on what has since 1958 been known as senior status or declined to serve as chief judge. Local Mandatory Forms <> I85P|y6LQqO@L>G;Pb@ Y&u-L)=DB?MhXo%3l{UYD%. Courthouse 221 W. Broadway San Diego CA 92101; El Centro U.S. Education. <> <> (L.R. /Group <> An 8" by 11" page is very large for a After August 6, 1959, judges could not become or remain chief after turning 70 years old. A copy of an opinion required to be attached to the brief under rule 8.1115(c) does not count toward this 10-page limit. The font may be either proportionally spaced or monospaced. We know, in fact, that other states, like Florida, do require lawyers to use very specific fonts to file documents in. Local Rules - United States District Court for the Eastern District of . pUXT(4wcL6$WcIIlb4IM~g.k93sy%@ "#{j[v(]e;!T;^B'4[L&DS_[kU61aE=~ si/@?-geYE!c#e/g|qDDm^+!~>}~-~"?hx1QLb8Zqx"XK%jay?+5xc|L9>%Rj6-6`bnmgm=h{vvewm>!qt86&qV5:^&1 1 0 obj (FRAP 32). endobj (C) The type size, including footnotes, must not be smaller than standard pica, 10 characters per inch. 96-70585. Our district's filing requirements are explained in our local rules, namely Rule 5.5 and 7.2. Creating a CJA 20/30 with an Associate. <> <> (5) A petition for rehearing or an answer to a petition for rehearing produced on a computer must not exceed 7,000 words, including footnotes. endobj Expert Disclosures pursuant to FRCvP 26(a)(2) are not to be filed. Massachusetts, Alabama, and New Jersey essentially force appeals court attorneys to use Courier, an old-fashioned typeface that was designed in the lettering of electronic typewriters. /Annots [<> Common Civil Filing Mistakes. endobj I[kc4 |#>FVhr a7FUr5]M#m|pO) q?m?? >?>x7|7|/C,CY i 7.1-1). CV 13-1517-CBM) (SACRAMENTO)) Plaintiff, ) STANDING ORDER) v. ))) . No. For instance, Calif. Rule of Court 2.105 requires a font that is essentially equivalent to Courier, Times New Roman, or Arial. I take this to mean you should use a font that has the general legibility and length characteristics of Courier, Times New Roman, or ArialI dont take the rule to mean you can only use those three fonts. in double space on letter size (8 1/2 x 11) paper, and shall be filed by the Clerk unfolded and without manuscript covers. (6) On application, the presiding justice may permit a longer brief for good cause. Reset font size; Increase font size; United States District Court Central District of California Philip S. Gutierrez, Chief Judge . Court's Name Eastern District of California - Live System; . The District was created on March 18, 1966, with the division of the Northern and Southern districts, leading to the . endobj Consent to Proceed Before a Magistrate Judge, Accommodations for Communication Disabilities, Electronic Evidence Submission / Presentation, Lawyer Representatives to the 9th Circuit Judicial Conference, Temporary Restraining Order (TRO) Procedures and Emergency After Hours Filings, Plan for the Prompt Disposition of Criminal Cases Pursuant to Speedy Trial Act of 1974, Payment for Juror Service / Reportable Income. In recent months, the only times documents have been rejected for font-related reasons were when the font size was too small. endobj 2. This requirement, too, is adapted from the federal rule. As of June23, 2022[update] the United States Attorney is Phillip Talbert. endstream %PDF-1.4 Guidelines for Filing Discovery Documents in All Pending Civil Cases: Initial Disclosures pursuant to FRCvP 26(a)(1) are not to be filed. [See Rule 5.5] The original pleading will be retained by the Clerk, one copy will be placed in the press box located in the public area of the Clerk's Office, and one copy will be placed in the mail box of the appropriate judicial officer. It says, I submitted to the font of least resistance. Times New Roman is not a font choice so much as the absence of a font choice, like the blackness of deep space is not a color. endobj When making recommendations for fonts used in documents that will be eFiled in the California court, we consider both the court rules and overall readability. 11-5.2). (L.R. Do not use Times New Roman. Microsoft Word - October 1, 2013. If the rule meant that, it would have said so.. What style and font have you found to work best for you? (C) Support any reference to a matter in the record by a citation to the volume and page number of the record where the matter appears. Effective October 1, 2013, the United States District Court for the Eastern District of California is a Microsoft Word only court. %PDF-1.4 F#`(OgwICKyI ,JvbDeG.6SPZ"5=HH}]Sq^c_7`8/|=uq`~ ;IkXr&Xg>R 3Xv PqoUo~W.B>P6CY=,Ux? No civil cover sheet is filed with a new action, or the civil cover sheet is not completely . 4. An ex parte application does not includea lodged proposed ex parte order. &f NrEl (CZQGFr]V*p B~V dOZr s}. Decrease font size; Reset font size; Increase font size; United States District Court Central District of California Philip S. Gutierrez, Chief Judge . 2017 California Rules of Court,Rule 2.105. ( 1964-05-23) May 23, 1964 (age 58) San Francisco, California. An 8" by 11" page is very large for a Local Rules . (Subd (b) amended effective January 1, 2020; previously amended effective January 1, 2004, July 1, 2004, January 1, 2006, January 1, 2007, January 1, 2013, January 1, 2014, January 1, 2016, and January 1, 2017.). Again, either of the above options will be accepted by the court, but when you're looking for your documents to not just be accepted, but also to convince and support your overall case, the font can go far to help. >> As shown above, California Title Two rules state that the fonts used in submitted documents must be essentially equivalent to Courier, Times New Roman, or Arial. If filed in paper form, the paper must be white or unbleached and of at least 20-pound weight. Do not use Times New Roman. The age restrictions are waived if no members of the court would otherwise be qualified for the position. Central Violations Bureau - Federal Ticket, Requests to Use District Court Facilities, Link Your CM/ECF Account to Your PACER Account, Electronic Filing and Case Access for Attorneys, Electronic Filing and Case Access for People Without Lawyers, Hardware and Software Requirements for Electronic Filing, Problem with PDF documents created on Mac Operating Systems, Capital Habeas Corpus (Death Penalty) Pleadings, Registration of Out-of-District Judgments, Hearing Access Request Form for Criminal Duty Proceedings, Guidelines for Zoom Courtroom Proceedings, Checking Status / Confirming Reporting Instructions, Direct Assignment of Civil Cases to Magistrate Judges, Pro Bono Limited-Scope Representation Pilot Program, Procedures for Recovering Out-of-Pocket Expenses, Policy for Reimbursement of Out-of-Pocket Expenses Incurred by Court-Appointed Pro Bono Counsel. Many of these documents will be viewed by judges and clerks on a computer or tablet rather than on paper. (3) The font style must be roman; but for emphasis, italics or boldface may be used or . 13 0 obj (FRAP 32(a)(7).) Anotice of motionisfiled less than the minimum number of days before the hearing date noticed. endstream endobj 11 0 obj <> endobj 12 0 obj <> endobj 13 0 obj <>stream All numbers in parenthesesare references to the Local Civil Rules. 26 0 obj Local Civil Rules Local Criminal Rules Local Bankruptcy Rules Local Admiralty Rules Standing Orders There is a known issue with the conversion of pleading paper, which is acceptable. Spacing At least 1.5. Clayton S. Tanaka, Deputy Attorney General, Sacramento, CA, for petitioner. <>>>/BBox[ 0 0 107.62 122.8] /Matrix[ 0.66902 0 0 0.58631 0 0] /Filter/FlateDecode/Length 22998>> >> Tell us about it, or ask us questions in the comments. The chief judge serves for a term of seven years or until age 70, whichever occurs first. Home | Contact Us | Employment | Glossary of Legal Terms | FAQs, An original of all pleadings, together with two copies shall be filed with the Clerk. Based on our experience, we recommend Cambria, Georgia, or Helvetica fonts, 13 pt. The members of the California Senate Republican caucus are listed at . (L.R. Cal.) Left justify. Margins 1.5" on all sides. "KNY c2$V`dv[]E6SH]i6zzy7"M'^zJQh( James M. Carter & Judith N. Keep U.S. It is the duty of any party appearing pro se (i.e., not represented by counsel) to promptly notify the Clerk and the other parties to the proceedings of any change in his or her address, to monitor the progress of the case, and to prosecute and defend the action diligently. x}I-b DJhs4+] Iw?w_9Gs-Y3%YVb4+l5`g+ rJ9 yew}q]}Ta2=@ Z-Y~X>9l])sOYdm}Y O }IlYd{ noA is9eh l8ke4ks, i^e>1g8fM /482l <> United States District Court Northern District of California First Page Caption. Eastern District of California - Live System; Court's Address: 9004 Castle Cliff Court, Yosemite, CA 95389: Court's Phone Number: 209-372-0320: endobj The notice of related cases does not includeall related cases. In that case, you have no discretion. 2 0 obj hbbd``b` hVM6WQjII[$!mSL!Q)Ra{7\*KJp);D. District Judge Kimberly J. Mueller Time New Roman Magistrate Judge Kendall J. Newman Times New Roman District Judge Troy L. Nunley Times New Roman District Judge Lawrence J. O'Neill Times New Roman Magistrate Judge Sheila K. Oberto No Preference Magistrate Judge Michael J. Seng No Preference Senior District Judge William B. Shubb Courier